History

History Report

America Report

A brief overview of the history of numerous achievements.

Native Americans

Native American TribesThe culture areas of North America are the Southwest, the Eastern Woodlands, the Southeast, the Plains, the California-Intermountain region, the Plateau, the Subarctic, the Northwest Pacific Coast, and the Arctic.  The U.S. government federally recognizes 314 tribes. The Eastern Woodlands culture area consists of the temperate-climate regions of the eastern United States and Canada, from Minnesota and Ontario east to the Atlantic Ocean and south to North Carolina.There are 42 tribal groups.The North American Plains are the grasslands from central Canada south to Mexico and from the Midwest westward to the Rocky Mountains. There are 25 tribal groups.Northwest Pacific Coast The west coast of North America, from southern Alaska to northern California, forms the Northwest Pacific Coast culture area. There are 41 tribal groups.The Plateau Region are In Idaho, eastern Oregon and Washington, western Montana, and adjacent Canada,mountains are covered with evergreen forests and separated by grassy valleys. There are 30 tribal groups.California-Intermountain Region The mountain ridges and valleys of Utah, Nevada, and California resemble one another in the pine forests of the mountains and the grasslands and marshes in the valleys.There are 55 tribal groups.The Southwestern culture area encompasses Arizona, New Mexico, southern Colorado, and adjacent northern Mexico. There are 53 tribal groups.North America / Central America (Territorial Split)The Southeast culture area is the semitropical region north of the Gulf of Mexico and south of the Middle Atlantic-Midwest region; it extends from the Atlantic coast west to central Texas.There are 48 tribal groups.Alaska / Canada (10 Territories)The Subarctic region comprises the major part of Canada, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean west to the mountains bordering the Pacific Ocean, and from the tundra south of the United States border. There are 34 tribal groups.Native American Territories The Native American Territories holds 56 million acres in the form of reservations, pueblos, rancherias, and trust lands. There are 278 reservations in 35 states. At the time of the first European contact, an estimated 90 million Native Americans lived in the Americas: about 10 million in America north of present-day Mexico; 30 million in Mexico; 11 million in Central America; 445,000 in the Caribbean islands; 30 million in the South American Andean region; and 9 million in the remainder of South America.The Native American population in the United States has increased steadily in the 20th century; Native America - (30,000 BC - 0 BC)

Human Migration (New World West Continents) - Earliest migrations evidence indicates that the first peoples to migrate into the Americas, coming from northeastern Siberia into Alaska, were carrying stone tools and other equipment typical of the middle and end of the Paleolithic period. Native Americans are physically most similar to Asian populations and appear to have descended from Asian peoples who migrated across the Bering land bridge during the Pleistocene Epoch, also known as the Ice Age, beginning perhaps some 30,000 years ago.

33,000 years ago – South America, Monte Verde, Chile (Human Migration)

32,000 years ago – South America, Boqueirao da Pedra Furada, Brazil (Human Migration)

30,000 years ago – Asia, Siberia - Native Americans are physically most similar to Asian populations and appear to have descended from Asian peoples, people who migrated across the Bering land bridge during the Pleistocene Epoch, also known as the Ice Age, beginning perhaps some 30,000 years ago.

25,000 BC - Approximately date of the earliest human settlement in the Americas

22,000 years ago – South America, Pikimachay, Peru (Human Migration)

14,000 years ago – South America, Taima-Taima - Venezulea (Human Migration)

11,000 years ago (BC) - Blackwater Draw, US (Human Migration)

9,000 Middle Stone Age

6,000 New Stone Age

5,000 (BC) - Beginning of Athapaskan migration (Americas) - Athabaskan is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern.

Athabaskan is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern.

4,000 years ago (BC) - Greenland - High Arctic (Human Migration)

3,000 Bronze Age

3000 (BC) - Inupiat and Aleut migrations (America)

1000 (BC) - Leif Erickson sails to Newfoundland 

America

[650] - Earliest evidence of bow and arrow, flint hoes, and Northern flint corn in the  Northeast (Americas)

[1000] - Cultivation in North America

1300 - Athapaskan reach Southwest 

1300 - Spinning yarn wheel

1400 - Mechanical clocks

1483 - Leonardo’s invention - Armored Vehicle, Parachute, Ornithopter, Glider, Helicopter, Aeroplane

Native Americans

Chief Pontiac - Ottawa - 1720-1769

Chief Black Hoof - Shawnee - 1740-1831

Chief Red Jacket Seneca - 1750-1830

Chief Tecumseh Shawnee - 1768-1813

Chief Seattle Duwamish - 1780-1866

Chief Mangas Coloradas - Apache - 1793-1863

Chief Cinon Mataweer Kumeyaay - 1800s

Chief American Horse Sioux - 1800-1876

Chief Osceola Seminole - 1804-1838

Chief Hatam Kumeyaay - 1805-1874

Chief Benito Juarez Zapoteca - 1806-1872

Chief Cochise Apache - 1812-1874

Chief Manuelito - Navajo - 1818-1893

Chief Red Cloud Lakota - 1822–1909

Chief Geronimo Apache - 1829-1909

Chief Sitting Bull - Lakota - 1831-1890

Chief Standing Bear Ponca - 1834-1908

Chief  Jack Modoc - 1837-1873

Chief Joseph Nez Percé - 1840-1904

Chief Crazy Horse Lakota - 1845-1877

Chief Shacknasty Jim Modoc - 1851–1881

Chief Charles Curtis Kaw - 1860-1936

Chief Adam Castillo Cahuilla -1885–1953

Chief Dan George Tsleil-Waututh - 1899-1981

Chief Anna Prieto-Sandoval Kumeyaay - 1934-2010

Chief Russell Means Oglala Lakota - 1939-2012

Chief Richard Milanovich - Cahuilla - 1942-2012

Chief Wilma Mankiller - Cherokee - 1945-2010

(Americas)

Ships and exploration

[1492] Christopher Columbus was born in Italy, and commissioned from Spain to find America - Columbus Day: People from different parts of the world start to settle down and live together. 

[1497] John Cabot explores North America from Canada to Delaware 

[1513] Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida coast

[1526] San Miguel de Guadalupe, first European settlement in South Carolina

[1539] Hernando de Soto landed in Florida

[1540] Francisco Coronado explored southwest north of Rio Grande, Hernando Alarcon reached the Colorado river, Garcia Cardenas reached the Grand Canyon

[1562] First French colony on Parris Island

1577 - Jost Burgi invented the minute hand. Burgi's invention was part of a clock made for Tycho Brahe

[1579] Sir Francis Drake claimed San Francisco

[1585] Sir Walter Raleigh, first English colony on Roanoke Island, North Carolina

[1587] Second English colony Roanoke Island, Virginia

1600 - Robert Hooke invents microscope 

1600 - Galileo Galilei and telescopes 

1614, 1616 - Logarithms - John Napier

[1620] The founding of America starts with Columbus and the pilgrims.

[1621] The Plymouth colonists and the Wampanoag shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations in the colonies.

1623 - Blaise Pascal - wore wrist watch

1642 - Mechanical calculator - Blaise Pascal

1656 - Pendulum clocks

[1681] John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress

1700 - Benjamin Franklin invented bifocal spectacles

Early Capitals of the United States - Continental Congress

Philadelphia before Washington, D.C. Was built - Philadelphia symbolizes the political aspects of the Revolutionary War because the Declaration of Independence was signed there in 1776, Congress met there most often during the war, the Constitution was written there in 1787, and once the new Constitution went into effect in 1789, it soon became the capital city for most of George Washington's presidency (1791-97).Baltimore, MD is where congress moved after Philadelphia 

Lancaster, PA continental congress - Thomas Mifflin is the first governor of Pennsylvania - also served as a delegate and President of the Continental Congress

York, PA continental congress 

Princeton, New Jersey

Annapolis is the Bridge Between the Revolution and the Constitution - Annapolis was the first peacetime capital of the United States. After the Treaty of Paris was signed in France on September 3, 1783, formally ending the Revolutionary War, Congress moved to Annapolis. They served in the Maryland State House from November 26, 1783 to August 13, 1784.Trenton, New Jersey

United States of America - Early 17th Century

The Declaration of Independence 

[Early 17th century] Thanksgiving is a holiday where both the pilgrims and Indians shared a meal together giving thanks: Thanksgiving. American Legends: John Smith and Pocahontas

[1723] Benjamin Franklin’s Almanac

[1723-1820] American Legends: Frontiersman Daniel Boone

[1775-1783] American Revolution - original 13 states - Independence Day 

[1775] Paul Revere's Midnight Ride the night before the exchange of gunfire at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775 in Boston

1778 - Flush toilet - Joseph Bramah 

1783-1815 - Macadamized roads - John McAdams

[1783]The Treaty of Paris Period (1783-87)

[1788] Constitution: The Founding Fathers helped form the government the Constitution and made one nation under God indivisible with liberty and justice for all: Executive, Legislative, Judicial Branches: National, State, and Local Government: Constitution, Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence.  President's Day

[1789-1797] President George Washington (VA)

1796 - Arkwright spinning machine

[1797-1801] President John Adams (MA)

1790 – Philadelphia stock exchange

1792 - US Mint  

1792 - Congress passed the first coinage act where gold (24.75 grains) and silver coins were minted

American Presidents

Continental America - 18th century

18th century – Industrial mass production of jewelry

[18th Century] Continental America - Early America: People from different parts of the world start to settle down and live together. The United States moved westward and people remember stories like Daniel Boone, the Wild West, and the Gold Rush

1800 - Making steel

1801-1083 - Railway Locomotive - Steam Road Carriage

[1801-1809] President Thomas Jefferson (VA)

[1803] Louisiana Purchase from France

[1804] Lewis and Clark Expedition 

[1810] Third Census – 7,239,814 people

[1809-1817] President James Madison (VA)

1816 – Britain Gold Standard

1817 – New York stock exchange

[1817-1825] President James Monroe (VA)

[1825-1829] President John Quincy Adams (VA)

[1829-1837] President Andrew Jackson (SC)

1830 - $1.5 millions in bonds

1830 - Thermostat - Andrew Ure

1831 - Magnetic Field produces electricity - Electric motor, transformer, and generator - Michael Faraday 

1832 - Rainhill Bridge spanned Liverpool and Manchester 

1834 - Refrigerator - Jacob Perkins

1835 - President Andrew Jackson paid off the entire national debt

[1837-1841] President Martin Van Buren (NY)

[1841] President William Henry Harrison (VA)

[1841-1845] President John Tyler (NC)

1842 – New York curb exchange (later known as American Stock Exchange)

1843 - Fax Machine - Alexander Bain, Giovanni 

[1845-1849] President James Polk (VA)

1845 - Pneumatic Tire - Robert Thomson, John Dunlop

[1845] Texas: American Legends: Wild West

1846 - Sewing Machine - Elias Howe Jr

1849 - Safety Pin - Walter Hunt

1849 - Glider - George Cayley

1849 - Buoying Vessels - Abraham Lincoln

[1849-1850] President Zachary Taylor (KY)

1849 - Discovery of gold in California 

1850 – South America large producers of gold 

1850 - Mexico large producers of gold 

[1850]  California: American Legends: The Gold Rush: Immigration Wave

1850 - Ceramic toilet 

[1850-1853] President Millard Fillmore (NY)

Railroads

1850s Cornelius Vanderbilt  had turned his attention to railroads, buying up so much stock in the New York and Harlem Railroad that by 1863 he owned the line. He later acquired the Hudson River Railroad and the New York Central Railroad and consolidated them in 1869.

1851 - Australia gold rush

[1853-1857] President Franklin Pierce (NH)

Indian Bureau of the Interior Department

1854 - Cyrus West Field and the Atlantic Telegraph Company were behind the construction of the first transatlantic telegraph cable. The project began in 1854 and was completed in 1858

1858 - Colorado - Pike’s Peak - Arapacho, Cheyenne - Chief Black Kettle

[1857-1861] President James Buchanan (PA)

1859 – Comstock Lode – Sierra, Nevada

1860 - Light Bulb - Joseph Wilson Swan

1860 - Records

1860 – Rocky Mountains

[1861-1869] President Abraham Lincoln (KY)

1861-1865 - The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States fought between the Union and the Confederacy. The central cause of the war was the status of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into territories acquired as a result of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican–American War.

[1863] Emancipation Proclamation

1863 -  National Bank Act authorized banks could issue bank notes backed by government bonds

[1865] Continental America: Union of North and South States (End of Civil War)

[1865] Plain Indians out of 300,000 more than two thirds lived in the Great Plains

[1867] Alaska sold to US by Russia for $7.2 million

1867 - Typewriter - Carlos Glidden

1868 - Life Signals, Frank Vester

1868-73 - (QWERTY keyboard) - James Denmore 

[1869-1877] President Andrew Johnson (NC)

1870 - John Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870. He ran it until 1897, and remained its largest shareholder. Rockefeller's wealth soared as kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, and he became the richest person in the country, controlling 90% of all oil in the United States at his peak.

1870s - Andrew Carnegie entered the steel business, and over the next two decades became a dominant force in the industry. In 1901, he sold the Carnegie Steel Company to banker John Pierpont Morgan for $480 million.

1872 - Grocery Bag - Luther Crowell

1873 - Barbed wire - Joseph Glidden

1873 – US Gold Standard

1875 - Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell

[1876] Centennial (100 years) 

1876 - Air brake - George Westinghouse

1876 - Centennial (100 years) 

1876 - AT&T - Following Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone in 1876

[1877-1881] President Ulysses Grant (OH)

1877 - Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, formed the Bell Telephone Company in 1877. 

1877 - Phonograph - Thomas Edison

1879 - Light Bulb - Thomas Edison

1879 - Cash Register - James Ritty

1880 - Electric lamp

[1881] Rutherford Hayes (OH)

[1881-1885] President James Garfield (OH)

[1881-1885] President Chester Alan Arthur (VT)

1882 - Electric Iron - Henry Steely

[1885-89] Stephen Grover Cleveland (NJ)

[1885] Washington Monument

[1885] The Statue of Liberty arrived at its permanent home on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor on June 19, 1885, as a gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States

1885 - Dishwasher - Josephine Garis

1885 - AT&T was incorporated in 1885 as a subsidiary of Bell, to build and operate the first long-distance telephone

1886 - William Seward Burroughs - adding machine

1886 – South Africa Gold Rush

1888 - National Geographic - 130 years - Society 1889 - Wall Street Journal - DOW, SP500, New York Exchange, Baltimore Exchang, Philadelphia Exchange

1888 - Roll Film Camera - George Eastman (Kodak)

1889 - Herman Hollerith patented electromechanical punch card tabulating system 

1889 - William Gray is credited with inventing the coin payphone in the United States in 1889, and George A. Long was its developer

[1889-1893] President Benjamin Harrison (OH)

1892 - JP Morgan merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Company to form General Electric in 1892

[1897-1901] President William McKinley (OH)

[1889 - 1890] Six states were added: North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming

1889 - China machine made round coins

1890 - Inventor Herman Hollerith would eventually go on to establish a company that would become IBM

1890 - Washing machine - William Sellers

1891 - Bottle Cap - William Painter

1893 - J. Frank and Charles had designed the first successful American gasoline automobile in

1894 - Calculator invented - Otto Steiger 

1895 - Breakfast Cereal - John Kellogg, Will Kellogg

1896 – Canada Gold Rush

1897 - Cathode Ray Tube TV

1898 - Spanish American War

United States of America - 19th century

19th century – Industrial mass production of jewelry, Gold can be commonly found in jewelry stores for wedding rings

19th century – Appalachian and Rocky Mountains

1900 – Gold Standard – affirmed the gold dollar as the standard unit of value

1900 – Paris Goldsmith Art’s

1900 - Radio - Guglielmo Marconi

[1901-1909] President Theodore Roosevelt (NY)

1901 - Paper Clip - John Vaaler

1901 - Transatlantic radio message - Guglielmo Marconi

1902 - Wake up Devices - Frank Clarke

1902 - Submarine - Cornelius Drebbel, John Holland

1903 - Metal pen nib

1903 - Phonograph 

1904 - Tea Bag - Thomas Sullivan

1904 - Air Conditioning - Willis Carrier

1904 - Fax machine - Arthur Korn 

[1904] Summer Olympics: St Louis, MO

[1906] President Theodore Roosevelt – Nobel Peace Prize

1907 - Cutlery - Elmer Walter

1908 - Henry Ford introduced the Model T

1908 - William Durant founded General Motors

[1909-1913] President William Taft (OH)

[1910] The United States of America – Alaska are added - Immigration Wave

1910 - Vacuum cleaner - Daisy

1910 - Neon lights

1911 – Alaska Klondike and Yukon

1911 - Ontario

 [1912] Utah, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona in the contiguous United States, all of which had joined the Union

1912 - Ovenproof Glass - Eugene Sullivan, Corning Glass

1912 - Warren clock company and battery clocks

[1913-1921] Woodrow Wilson - Nobel Peace Prize

1913 - Federal Reserve Act

1913 - Zipper / Velcro - Gideon Sunback, Whitcomb Judson

1914 - The Panama Canal symbolized U.S. technological prowess and economic power built by Theodore Rooselvelt

1914 - Federal Reserve System

1914 - 1918 - World War I

[1917] US Allies

1918 - Tea Bag - Benjamin Hirschorn

1919 - Tea Bag - Joseph Krieger

1920 - Handheld computer - Hamilton Beach

1920 - Jubilee Cup - hose clip - Lumley Robinson

1920 - Radios for home use

1920 - US banks gave gold to citizens

[1921-1923] President Warren Harding (OH)

1921 - Electric tea kettle

1922 - Cathode Ray Tube TV commercialized 

1922 - Food Processor - Stephen Poplawki - blender

[1923-1929] President Calvin Coolidge (VT)

1923 - First self-winding watch - John Harwood

1923-1924 - Television - John Baird, Vladimir Zworykin

1924 – Japan Hantaro Nagaoka synthesis gold from mercury 

1924 – First mutual fund – Massachusetts Investor Trust

1926 - Aerosol Can - Erik Rotheim

1927 - First quartz clock - Warren Marrison

1927 - Mount Rushmore National Memorialis centered on a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmorein the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son Lincoln Borglum

1928 - Geiger Counter - Hans Geiger, Walther Muller

1928-35 - Sliced Bread - Otto Frederick Rohwedder

[1929-1933] President Herbert Hoover (IA)

1929 - Licorice - George Bassett

1930 - Radio entertaining medium NBC and BBC

1930 - Jet Engine - Frank Wittle

1930-1958 - Rolodex - Arnold Neustadter

1931-1935 - Hoover Dam built by President Herbert Hoover

1932 - Anglepoise Lamp - George Carwardine

[1932] Summer Olympics: Los Angeles, California 

1933 - Polythene - Eric Fawcett, Reginald Gibson

[1933-1945] President Franklin Roosevelt (NY)

1933 - Banking Act - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

1933 - Federal Securities Act

1933 – Gold Bullion Standard, gold coins circulated in the US

1933 – (Best Year) Small Company stocks – 142.9%, Large company stocks (54%)

1934 – Gold Reserve Act

1934 - Silver Purchase Act

1934 – Securities Exchange Commission 

1934 - US banks gave gold to US Treasury at Fort Knox

1934 - Electric Refrigerator 

1934 - Catseyes - reflecting road studs - Percy Snow

1935 - Banking Act of 1935 - centralized power in a Board of Governors, appointed by the president

1935 – Gold $35 per ounce

1935 - Radar - Robert Watson-Watt

1935 - Parking meter - Carlton Magee

1936 - Alan Turing - universal machine

1937 - Instant Coffee - Max Mortgenthaler

1938 - Instant Coffee - Nestle

1938 - Photocopier - Chester Carlson

1939 - Nonstick Pan - Roy Plunkett, Marc Gregoire

1939 - Hewlett-Packard 

1939 - 1945 - World War II

1941 – US achieved the same result of gold synthesis

1943 - ENIAC computer

1944 - Tetra Pak - Ruben Rausing

[1945-1953] President Harry Truman (MO)

1945 - Microwave Oven - Percy Spencer

1946 - Disposable Diaper - Marion Donovan

1947 - Tupperware - Earl Tupper

1947 - Ovenproof Glass - S.D. Stookey, Corning Glass

1947 - Transistor - Willam Shockely, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain

1947 – WWII - Establishment of IMF, gold exchange standard, change currencies to gold via us dollar, headquarters in DC

1948 - Polaroid Camera - Edwin Land

1948 - Computer and Mouse - Freddie Williams and Thomas Kilburn

1949 - [NATO] The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. NATO was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere.

1949 - Bar code - Barndard Silver and Norman Woodland

1950 - Food Processor - Ken Wood - Food Processor

1950 - Credit Cards

1950 - Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) was created

1950 - 1953 - Korean War

1951 - Correction Fluid - Bette Nesmith

[1953-1961] President Dwight Eisenhower (TX)

1953 – American Stock Exchange

1953 - COBOL

1954 - FORTRAN 

1955 - Hovercraft - Christopher Cockerell

1955 - TV Remote Control - Eugene Polley

1956 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation funding the construction of the U.S. Interstate Highway System (IHS)

1958 - 1963 - Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963.

1958 - Flight data recorder - David Warren

1958 - Integrated Circuit - Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce 

1959 - Microchip - Jack Kilby, Robert Noyce

[1959] United States of America: Alaska,  Hawaii

1959 - 1975 - Vietnam War

1960 - Color television had begun to replace black and white technology

1960 - Atomic clock - Willard Libby

[1960] Martin Luther King Jr.: 1963 Speech

Civil Rights where the integration of schools provided equal rights for all 

[1960] United Nation's Day: Making of NATO and the UN: International Awareness – The victory and ending of WWII.

[1961-1963] John Fitzgerald Kennedy (MA)

1961 - Project Gemini was NASA's second human spaceflight program. Conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo, Gemini started in 1961 and concluded in 1966. 

1962 - Modem - AT&T 

1962 - LED - Nick Holonyak

[1963-1969] Lyndon Baines Johnson (TX)

1963 - Kevlar - Stephanie Kwolek, Paul Morgan

1963 - Cassette tapes

1964 - Lava Lamp - Craven Walker

1964 - Flat Screen TV - University of Illinois 

1964 - Douglas Engelbart introduces a prototype for the modern computer that includes a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI)

1965 - Ring Pull - Ermal Fraze

1965 - Mars Mariner 4 - photos of Mars

1965 - Wine Box - Thomas Angove

1966 – Alaska gold - $250 million in gold

1967 - Computer and Mouse - Douglas Engelbart

1968 - The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972.

[1969-1974] President Richard Nixon (CA)

1969 - Developers at Bell Labs unveil UNIX

1969 - C programming language 

1969 - Laser Printer - Gary Starkweather

[1969] Space Age: The first person on the Moon was an American. 

[1969] America space flight to the Moon

1970 - Intel DRAM

1971 - Mars Mariner 9 - thousands of photos of Mars

1971 - Video Game Arcades

1971 - Food Processor - Pierre Verdun - Food Processor

1972 – Gold $48 per ounce

1973 - Ethernet - Robert Metcalfe

1973 - IBM (bar code scanner)

1974 – Allow private ownership of gold

[1976]  Bicentennial (200 years): American State Charter

1976 - Viking 1 and 2 - landers to surface

1976 - Apple I computer

[1977-1981] President James Carter (GA)

1977 - VHS 

1977 - Atari

1978-93 - Dual Cyclone Cleaner - James Dyson

1978 - Laserdisc 

1980 -  Jaron Lanier - Virtual reality google and gloves

[1981-1989] President Ronald Reagan (IL)

1980 - Federal Reserve redefined money supply: M1, M2, M3, L

1980 – Bull market, inflation averaged 14%

1980 – Cd’s offered double digit returns 11%

1980 - Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act - reserve requirement on all depository institutions

1981 - IBM Acorn

1982 - CD - Compact Discs

1983 - Nintendo

[1984] Los Angeles Olympics

1984 - IBM Point Stick, TrackPoint

1984 - Apple introduced Macintosh 

1984 - Handheld television 

1985 - Microsoft Windows

1985 - C++

1985 - Widget - Alan Forage and William Byrne

1985 - AOL founded 

1986 - National Science Foundation - launches NAFNET, first large scale network

1986 - 3D printing, Chuck Hull

1987 - IBM - OS 2 Warp Operating System

1988 - Widget - Guinness

1989 - Tim Berners Lee - World Wide Web 

1989 - Commercial ISP - Internet Service provider - dial up service

1990 - HTML - Tim Berners Lee 

1990 - Hubble Telescope

[1990] Immigration Wave

1990 – Technology stocks boom

1991 - Tim Berners Lee - First Web browser 

1991 - Linux operating system - Linux Torvalds (Finland)

1991 - Clockwork radio - Trevor Baylis

1991 - Garmin GPS

1991 - Sim Card

1991 - Persian Gulf Wars

[1993-2000] President William Clinton (AR)

Al Gore – Noble Prize (Environment)

1993 - Apple Newton

1993 - Mosaic - First web browser 

1994 - Netscape Navigator 

1994 - Amazon, Yahoo

1994 - Sony PlayStation 

1995 - eBay

1995 - Windows 95

1995 - Internet explorer

1995 - Yahoo - Jerry Yang and David Filo in January (1994)

1995 - USB 1.0

1995 - Java Programming Language 

[1996] Atlanta Olympics - Bicentennial Park

1996 - US Stock, Bonds, Money Market funds had combined assets of $3 trillion

1996 - Hotmail 

1996 - Palm Pilot - handheld computer and personal information manager - touch screens

1997 - Mars Global Surveyor - Maps Mars

1997 - Mars rover Pathfinder and Sojourner

1997 - TIPS Bond

1997 - Land Shark - amphibious vehicles , David Baker

1997 - Sharp and Sony introduced the first large flat screen TV PALC Technology 

1997 - DVD

1997 - IBM Deep Blue Beats Garry Kasparov 

1997 - Red Hat Linux 5.2

1997 - IPv4

1997 - Netflix, Palm Pilot

1997 - Toyota Prius Hybrid electric vehicle

1998 - The International Space Station is an international effort bringing people from different countries together. Its main construction was completed between 1998 and 2011

1998 - Windows 98

1998 - Google

1998 - Smart homes

1999 - WiFi, Bluetooth

1999 – South Africa – 449 metric tons gold

1999 – US – 341 metric tons gold

2000 - Windows NT - new technologies 

2000 - Microsoft splits into 5 departments

2000 - Windows 2000

2000 - USB 2.0

[2000] - Summer Olympics: Sydney, Australia, Joint Entry in Sydney Olympics 

[2000] - Unified Korean Flag - President Kim Dae Jung

[2000] - Sunshine Policy - First inter-Korean summit 

2000 – Total value of US stocks peaked at $14.75 trillion

[2000-2008] President George Bush (CT)

2001 - Mars Oydssey

2001 - Apple introduced Unix like system for Mac OS X, Apple introduced iPod

2001 - Wikipedia

2001 - Microsoft Xbox

2002 - The total number of personal computers, both desktop and laptop reach 1 billion

2002 - 3G Network, Roku

[2002] - Winter Olympics: Salt Lake City, Utah, US 

[2002] Jimmy Carter wins Nobel Peace Prize

[2002] Winter Olympics: Salt Lake City, Utah

2003 - Mars express

2003 - Windows XP

2003 - Microsoft Office / Microsoft Works

2003 - Google - Gmail

2003 - Apple iTunes

[2003] President Bush: Bush Tax Cuts, Overhaul Medicare, Prescription Drug Benefit

2004 - Mars rover Spirit and Curiosity

2004 - Facebook - Mark Zuckerberg (Harvard University)

[2004] - Summer Olympics: Athens, Greece

2005 - Windows Vista

2005 - Apple used IBM Power PC chips

2005 - YouTube

2006 - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

2006 - Tesla Motors

2006 - Twitter, Blu Ray

2006 - The transistors used to create LCD flat screens

2006 - Apple began using Intel chips

[2006] - Winter Olympics: Turin, Italy

[2006] US Mexico Border – 700 mile fence

2007 - Apple introduced the iPhone 

2007 - Amazon releases kindle

2007 - Apple iPhone, Amazon Prime

2007 - Smart Thermostats - Ecobee

[2007] - Second inter-Korean summit

[2007] Stimulus / Recession

2007 – Shale oil boom

[2008-2016] President Barack Obama– 1st African American President

2008 - Google Android Phones, Google Releases mobile operating system - Google - Sergey Brin and Larry Page (Stanford University)

[2008 - Summer Olympics: Beijing, China 

2008 - Sirius XM Radio

[2009] President Barack Obama – Nobel Peace Prize

2009 - Bing, Bitcoin

2009 - 4G Networks

2009 - LCD flat screens dominated the TV market

2009 - Samsung Galaxy

2009 - Fitbit

[2009] Healthcare reform legislation passed (2010)

[2009] -  Digitization (Digital Switch from Analog to Digital)

2010 - Chevy Volt

2010 - Nissan Leaf

2010 - Analog to Digital TV Transition

2010 - Instagram

2010 - Apple sells 3 million iPad

2010 - Windows 7

[2010] Winter Olympics: Vancouver, Canada

2011 - Google chrome book 

2011 - Lifi invented

[2012] Summer Olympics: London, England

2012 - Mars rover Curiosity

2012 - Windows 8 operating system

2012 - Microsoft App Store

2013 - Smartwatches

[2014] - Winter Olympics: Sochi, Russia

2014 - Amazon Echo

2014 - Apple Pay

2014 - IBM Summit

2014 - USB C

2015 - IPv6

2015 - Windows 10

2015 - Detected gravitational waves

2016 - University of Maryland develop reprogrammable quantum computer

2016 - TikTok

[2016] - Summer Olympics: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[2016-2020] President Donald Trump

2017 - Internet speed record 26.2 tbps

[2018] - Winter Olympics: Pyeongchang, Korea

2018 - Mars Insight Lander

2018 - 2019 - 5G Networks

2018 - Apple reaches $1 trillion dollars

2019 - SpaceX Starlink

2019 - Microsoft reaches $1 trillion dollars

[2020-2024] - President Joe Biden

2020 - American Rescue Plan

2020 - Internet speed record - 44.2 tbps

2020 - Internet speed record - 178 tbps

2020 - Apple reaches $2 trillion dollars

2020 - Alphabet reaches $1 trillion dollars

2020 - Amazon reaches $1 trillion dollars

2021 - Mars rover and Ingenuity Helicopter

2021 - Metaverse

2021 - Internet speed record - 319 Tbps - terabits per second

2021 - Microsoft reaches $2 trillion dollars

2021 - Facebook reaches $1 trillion dollars

2021 - Tesla reaches $1 trillion dollars

2021 - Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, Space X space launches, James Web Telescope

2021 - Infrastructure Bill

2021 - Ocean cleanup pulled 63,000 pounds of trash from the Great Pacific Garbage patch 

2022 - Human genome decode complete

2022 - Google deep mind ai - 200 million proteins

2022 - Earth Biogenome Project

2022 - Human Cell Atlas

2022 - World economy GDP exceed $100 trillion dollars

2022 - World population reaches 8 billion

2022 - Internet speed record - 1 Pbps - petabit per second

2022 - Esnet6 network at 46 terabits tbps.

2022 - Frontier exabyte supercomputer

2022 - SLS Artemis moon mission launch

2022 - National Ignition Facility

2023 - ChatGPT

2023 - Wifi 7 routers - 46 gbps

2023 - Nvidia reaches $1 trillion dollars

2023 - Apple Vision Pro

2023 - Internet speed record - 1.8 pbps 

2023 - Psyche mission to asteroid Pysche 16

2023 - Starship Launch

2023 - Siena Galaxy Atlas

2023 - Internet speed record - 22.9 pbps 

2024 - Wifi Halow

2024 - Lorawan

2024 - Amazon Project Kupier

2024 - Nvidia reaches $3 trillion

2024 - TSMC reaches $1 trillion

2024 - Berkshire Hathaway reaches $1 trillion

Bibliography 

Human Geography 

Knowledge Book (National Geography)

Oxford Essential Desk Reference 

New York Public Library Desk Reference 

World History

Children’s Scholastic Encyclopedia 2004

Inventions Book