Geology

Earth’s 5 Spheres

    1. Atmosphere
    2. Biosphere – living sphere
    3. Pedosphere – soil
    4. Lithosphere – rocks & minerals
    5. Hydrosphere & Lithosphere – Water or ice

Geology

    • Structure of the Earth
    • Earth's Crust
    • Tectonic Plates
    • Mountains
    • Rock Formations
    • Minerals
    • Crystals
    • Natural Resources

Geology: Land

Plate Tectonics - Separated land from water. Mountains are formed through subduction.

    • Earth: silicates, iron, nickel
    • Moon: silicates
    • Appalachian Mountains – North America
    • Rocky Mountains – North America
    • Andes Mountains – South America
    • Ural Mountains - Europe
    • Himalayan Mountains - Asia

The Rock Cycle

    • Not all rocks are created equal. The rock cycle show how the different types of rock on Earth form. Geologist classify rock based on how they formulatedSediment collects in layers underwater and on the surface
    • Pressure cements the sediment together to form sedimentary rock
    • Igneous and sedimentary rock subjected to enourmous heat and pressure, become metamorphic rock
    • Magma that readches the surface to cool is extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock
    • Magma that cools underground is intrsuive (plutonic) igneous rock
    • When rock makes it down to the Earth's mantle, incredible heat melts it into magma

Rocks and Minerals

Precious Metals

Rocks and Minerals

  • Clay
  • Sandstone
  • Coal
  • Granite
  • Talc
  • Calcite
  • Flourite
  • Apatite
  • Orthoclase
  • Quartz
  • Topaz
  • Corundum
  • Diamond

Jewelry - Chemical Composition - Crystal Structure

  • Achroite - NaLiAl3Al6BO3Si6O18OH4
  • Amber - C10H16O
  • Agate - SiO2
  • Alibite - NaCaAlSi6O8
    • Pyrite - FeS2
    • Nephrite (Jade) - NaAlFeSiO6
  • Obsidian - SiO2
  • Talc
  • Corundum
  • Marble
  • Diamond
  • Rubellite
  • Azurite
  • Aquamarine
  • Chrome Diopside
  • korenerupine
  • Pyrope
  • Precious Opal
  • Amethyst
  • Star Sapphire
  • Ruby
  • River Pearl
  • Emerald
  • Cabochon
  • Faceted
  • Tourmaline
  • Peridot
  • Garnet
  • Opal - SiO2nH2O

Semi/Precious Metals

Mineral Tables

Synthetic Crystals

    • Synthetic Crystals
    • Synthetic Emeralds

Book: Smithsonian Handbook: Gemstones (Cover Page under attachments)

Book: Encyclopedia of Science and Technology

Book: Popular Science Almanac for Kids

Book: Earth Science